The Rotterdam Elderly Pain Observation Scale (REPOS) is reliable and valid for non-communicative end-of-life patients.

BACKGROUND: In palliative care, administration of opioids is often indispensable for pain treatment. Pain assessment may help recognize pain and guide treatment in non-communicative patients. In the Netherlands the Rotterdam Elderly Pain Observation Scale (REPOS) is recommended to this aim, but not yet validated. Therefore the objective of this study was to validate the REPOS in non-communicative or unconscious end-of-life patients. METHODS: In this observational study, the primary researcher applied the REPOS, while both the researcher and a nurse applied the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS). If possible, the patient in question applied the NRS as well. The NRS scores were compared with the REPOS scores to determine concurrent validity. REPOS scores obtained before and after a pain-reducing intervention were analysed to establish the scale's sensitivity to change. RESULTS: A total of 183 REPOS observations in 100 patients were analysed. Almost 90% of patients had an advanced malignancy; observations were done a median of 3 days (IQR 1 to 13) before death. Internal consistency of the REPOS was 0.73. The Pearson product moment correlation coefficient ranged from 0.64 to 0.80 between REPOS and NRS scores. REPOS scores declined with median 2 points (IQR 1 to 4) after a pain-reducing intervention (p < 0.001). Optimal sensitivity (0.81) and specificity (0.62) were found at cut-off score 3. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that the REPOS has promising psychometric properties for pain assessment in non-communicative end-of-life patients. Its application may be of additional value to relieve suffering, including pain, in palliative care.

Intraoperative hypotension and delirium after on-pump cardiac surgery.

BACKGROUND: Delirium is a common complication after cardiac surgery and may be as a result of inadequate cerebral perfusion. We studied delirium after cardiac surgery in relation to intraoperative hypotension (IOH). METHODS: This observational single-centre, cohort study was nested in a randomized trial, on a single intraoperative dose of dexamethasone vs placebo during cardiac surgery. During the first four postoperative days, patients were screened for delirium based on the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) for Intensive Care Unit on the intensive care unit, CAM on the ward, and by inspection of medical records. To combine depth and duration of IOH, we computed the area under the curve for four blood pressure thresholds. Logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate the association between IOH and the occurrence of postoperative delirium, adjusting for confounding and using a 99% confidence interval to correct for multiple testing. RESULTS: Of the 734 included patients, 99 patients (13%) developed postoperative delirium. The adjusted Odds Ratio for the Mean Arterial Pressure <60 mm Hg threshold was 1.04 (99% confidence interval: 0.99-1.10) for each 1000 mm Hg(2) min(2) AUC(2) increase. IOH, as defined according to the other three definitions, was not associated with postoperative delirium either. Deep and prolonged IOH seemed to increase the risk of delirium, but this was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Independent of the applied definition, IOH was not associated with the occurrence of delirium after cardiac surgery.

Guía de práctica clínica para la atención al adulto mayor hospitalizado con delirium / Clinical Practice Guideline for the Care of Elderly Patients Hospitalized with Delirium

El delirium es un trastorno frecuentemente encontrado en las personas de avanzada edad en el entorno hospitalario. En él sobresalen un trastorno agudo de la conciencia y alteraciones conductuales, que constituyen un reto diagnóstico y de manejo terapéutico para los médicos que atienden pacientes geriátricos. Se presenta una guía de práctica clínica, elaborada por consenso, que resalta los aspectos clínicos terapéuticos de este complicado síndrome. Se incluye un algoritmo que facilita el manejo de esta afección en el Hospital General Universitario Gustavo Aldereguía Lima, de Cienfuegos.

Delirium is a frequent disorder found in people of advanced age in the hospital setting. It is characterized by an acute disorder of consciousness and alterations in behavior, posing a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for the doctors that look after geriatric patients. A clinical practice guideline drawn up by consensus is presented. It highlights the clinical and therapeutic aspects of this complex syndrome. An algorithm that facilitates the management of this condition at Dr. Gustavo Aldereguía Lima University General Hospital of Cienfuegos is included.

Dazed, confused, and asystolic: possible signs of anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis.

Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor encephalitis is a rare panencephalitis that can present with severe cardiac dysrhythmias. We present a case of a 19-year-old woman with no significant medical history who presented with progressive changes in mental status and profound ictal asystole that necessitated the placement of an external temporary pacemaker. She was diagnosed with and treated for anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, and she recovered after a prolonged and complicated hospitalization. We review the pathophysiology and management of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, as well as its cardiac manifestations.

Estudo psicométrico da Escala de Avaliação de Demência e sua aplicabilidade em instituições de longa permanência no Brasil / Dementia Rating Scale psychometric study and its applicability in long term care institutions in Brazil

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a sensibilidade e a especificidade diagnósticas, e a concordância da Escala de Avaliação de Demência, com diagnóstico clínico de comprometimento cognitivo, e compará-las com as do Miniexame do Estado Mental. MÉTODOS: Oitenta e seis idosos de uma instituição de longa permanência foram convidados a participar do estudo e, destes, 58 concordaram em fazê-lo. A avaliação continha Miniexame do Estado Mental e Escala de Avaliação de Demência. O diagnóstico clínico de comprometimento cognitivo foi realizado por especialistas que utilizaram os critérios do DSM-IV. Escores da Escala de Avaliação de Demência e do Miniexame do Estado Mental foram correlacionados e suas sensibilidade e especificidade, obtidas. RESULTADOS: Vinte e dois (37,9%) idosos tinham comprometimento cognitivo (8,6% apresentaram comprometimento cognitivo leve e 29,3% demência). O Miniexame do Estado Mental e a Escala de Avaliação de Demência classificaram 31% e 55,2% como apresentando comprometimento cognitivo. Os escores da Escala de Avaliação de Demência e do Miniexame do Estado Mental tiveram uma forte correlação. A Escala de Avaliação de Demência teve uma sensibilidade maior do que o Miniexame do Estado Mental (86,4% versus 61,9%) e a especificidade foi menor (63,9% versus 86,5%). A concordância diagnóstica da Escala de Avaliação de Demência e do Miniexame do Estado Mental com a o diagnóstico clínico foi similar. CONCLUSÃO: A Escala de Avaliação de Demência mostrou uma sensibilidade maior na detecção de comprometimento cognitivo na população estudada e poderia ser um instrumento útil para aplicação em instituições de longa permanência.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, and agreement of the Dementia Rating Scale with clinical diagnosis of cognitive impairment and to compare its psychometric measures with those from Mini Mental State Examination. METHODS: Eighty-six elders from a long-term care institution were invited to participate in a study, and fifty-eight agreed to participate. The global health assessment protocol applied to these elders contained Mini Mental State Examination and Dementia Rating Scale. Clinical diagnose of cognitive impairment was performed by experts using the DSM-IV criteria. Dementia Rating Scale score was correlated to the Mini Mental State Examination. Sensitivity and specificity of the Dementia Rating Scale and the Mini Mental State Examination were calculated. RESULTS: Twenty-two (37.9%) elders had cognitive impairment (8.6% presented with mental cognitive impairment and 29.3% dementia). The Mini Mental State Examination and the Dementia Rating Scale classified 31% and 55.2% as presenting with cognitively impaired. Dementia Rating Scale and the Mini Mental State Examination scores presented a strong correlation. Dementia Rating Scale had a higher sensitivity than Mini Mental State Examination (86.4% versus 61.9%). Dementia Rating Scale presented lower diagnostic specificity than Mini Mental State Examination (63.9% versus 86.5%). Considering Dementia Rating Scale and Mini Mental State Examination, the diagnostic agreement between them and the clinical diagnosis was similar. CONCLUSIONS: Dementia Rating Scale showed a high sensitivity to detect cognitive impairment in this population, and it could be a useful tool in these settings.

Analysis of a health team's records and nurses' perceptions concerning signs and symptoms of delirium / Análise dos registros produzidos pela equipe de saúde e da percepção dos enfermeiros sobre os sinais e sintomas de delirium / Análisis de registros producidos por el equipo de salud y de la percepción de los enfermeros sobre las señales y síntomas de delirio

This study investigates the extent of under-diagnosis of acute confusion/delirium by analyzing the records of a health team and the perception of nurses concerning this phenomenon. This quantitative study was developed in a central university hospital in Portugal and used the documentary and interview techniques. The sample obtained through the application of the NeeCham's scale was composed of 111 patients with the diagnosis of acute confusion/delirium hospitalized in the medical and surgical acute care units. A rate of 12.6 percent of under-diagnosis was identified in the records and a rate of 30.6 percent was found taking into account the perception of nurses. No indicators of acute confusion/delirium were found in 8.1 percent of the 111 cases and only 4.5 percent of the patients were diagnosed with acute confusion/delirium. The results indicate there is difficulty in identifying acute confusion/delirium, with implications for the quality of care, suggesting the need to implement training measures directed to health teams.

Esta pesquisa pretendeu conhecer a dimensão do subdiagnóstico da confusão aguda/delirium, ao analisar os registros produzidos pela equipe de saúde e percepção dos enfermeiros sobre esse fenômeno. Foi desenvolvido em um hospital universitário central, de Portugal, delineada dentro do paradigma quantitativo, utilizando a técnica documental e entrevista. A amostra obtida, pela aplicação da Escala de Confusão NeeCham, foi de 111 doentes com diagnóstico de confusão aguda/delirium, internados em unidades de cuidados agudos médicos e cirúrgicos. Identificou-se taxa de subdiagnóstico do fenômeno de 12,6 por cento nos registros e de 30,6 por cento tendo em conta a percepção dos enfermeiros. Em 8,1 por cento, dos 111 casos, não foi identificado qualquer indicador de confusão aguda/delirium. Somente 4,5 por cento dos doentes tinha o fenômeno diagnosticado. Os resultados apontam dificuldade para se identificar a confusão aguda/delirium, com implicações para a qualidade dos cuidados, sugerindo a necessidade de medidas formativas dirigidas às equipes de saúde.

Esta investigación pretendió conocer la dimensión del subdiagnóstico de la confusión aguda/delirio, al analizar los registros producidos por el equipo de salud y percepción de los enfermeros sobre este fenómeno. Fue desarrollado en un hospital universitario central de Portugal. Delineada dentro del paradigma cuantitativo, utilizando la técnica documental y la entrevista. La muestra obtenida, por la aplicación de la Escala de Confusión NeeCham, fue de 111 enfermos con diagnóstico de confusión aguda/delirio, internados en unidades de cuidados agudos médicos y quirúrgicos. Se identificó una tasa de subdiagnóstico del fenómeno de 12,6 por ciento en los registros y de 30,6 por ciento teniendo en cuenta la percepción de los enfermeros. En 8,1 por ciento de los 111 casos, no fue identificado cualquier indicador de confusión aguda/delirio. Solamente, 4,5 por ciento de los enfermos tenían el fenómeno diagnosticado. Los resultados apuntan para la dificultad en identificar la confusión aguda/delirio, con implicaciones para la calidad de los cuidados, sugiriendo la necesidad de adoptar medidas formativas dirigidas a los equipos de salud.

A escala de avaliação de demência (DRS) no diagnóstico de comprometimento cognitivo leve e doença de Alzheimer / The dementia rating scale (DRS) in the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer´s disease

A Escala de Avaliação de Demência (Dementia Rating Scale -DRS), proposta por Steven Mattis (1988), tem sido bastante utilizada na avaliação de pacientes com demência tanto na atividade clínica como na pesquisa. Consiste de 5 subescalas: Atenção, Iniciativa/Perseveração, Construção, Conceituação e Memória. Neste estudo, a Escala de Avaliação de Demência foi aplicada em 56 pacientes com doença de Alzheimer com demência de intensidade leve; 55 pacientes com diagnóstico de comprometimento cognitivo leve; e, 60 indivíduos controles. Na diferenciação entre pacientes com doença de Alzheimer e controles a nota de corte de < 128 demonstrou 90,0% de sensibilidade e 89,3 % de especificidade; e, entre pacientes com doença de Alzheimer e comprometimento cognitivo leve, a nota de corte foi < 123 com sensibilidade de 78,2% e 76,8% de especificidade. Na diferenciação entre pacientes com comprometimento cognitivo leve e controles, a nota de corte foi de < 134 com 73,3% de sensibilidade e 72,7% de especificidade. A DRS demonstrou ser um instrumento com boa acurácia diagnóstica na discriminação entre pacientes com doença de Alzheimer de intensidade leve e indivíduos controles. A DRS também foi capaz de diferenciar entre pacientes com comprometimento cognitivo leve de controles, e pacientes com comprometimento cognitivo leve de pacientes com doença de Alzheimer de intensidade leve. As subescalas Memória e Iniciativa/Perseveração demonstraram maior acurácia diagnóstica em todas as situações analisadas quando comparadas às demais subescalas.

The Dementia Rating Scale (DRS), proposed by Steven Mattis (1988), it has been very used to assess patients with dementia both in clinical practice and research. Consists of 5 subscales: Attention, Initiation/Perseveration, Construction, Conceptualization and Memory. The Dementia Rating Scale was applied to 56 patients with Alzheimer´s disease, witha dementia of mild intensity; 55 patients with diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment; and, 60 controls. Between patients with Alzheimer´s disease and controls the cutoff score of <128 showed a 90.0% of sensitivity and 89.3% of specificity; and, between patients with Alzheimer´s disease and mild cognitive impairment, the cutoff score was <123 with sensitivity of 78.2% e 76.8% of specificity. In the analysis between patients with mild cognitive impairment and controls, the cutoff score was <134 with 73.3% of sensitivity and 72.7% of specificity. The Dementia Rating Scale showed to be a instrument with good diagnostic accuracy in the discrimination between patients with mild Alzheimer´s disease and controls. The Dementia Rating Scale also was able to discriminated between patients mild cognitive impairment and controls, and between patients with mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer´s disease. The Memory and Initiation/Perseveration subscales showed good diagnostic accuracy in all analysed situations.